Poland is constructing a formidable new defence line, dubbed the “Eastern Shield”, to safeguard its borders with Russia’s heavily militarised exclave of Kaliningrad and Belarus.

The £1.9 billion fortification, described by Polish officials as an “impassable boundary,” features advanced surveillance systems, anti-tank fortifications, and cutting-edge physical barriers.

Prime Minister Donald Tusk emphasised the strategic importance of the project during a recent press conference.  He said: “The Eastern Shield is not just about Poland’s security—it’s about safeguarding the stability of the entire region.”

The 400-mile by 200-metre-deep defence line, is set for completion by 2028 and will include underground bunkers, potential minefields, and satellite monitoring to counter hybrid warfare. Advanced surveillance technologies will encompass imagery intelligence (IMINT), signals intelligence (SIGINT), and acoustic monitoring, with AI-powered systems providing early threat detection.

The ambitious undertaking is just one aspect of Poland’s broader defence strategy, which has seen the country become NATO’s biggest defence spender in 2024, allocating over four per cent of its GDP to military spending.  

Plans are already in place to raise this to 4.7 per cent by 2025.

The announcement of increased spending came during NATO Secretary General Mark Rutte’s visit to Warsaw, where he praised Poland’s efforts, calling it a “cornerstone of NATO’s eastern flank.”

“This sends a clear message not only to our adversaries but also to the United States,” Rutte said. “Europe understands it must do more to ensure our shared security.”

Poland’s current defence spending of 4.12 per cent of GDP puts it ahead of other NATO allies, including the United States at 3.38 per cent and Estonia at 3.43 per cent.

President Andrzej Duda highlighted the urgency of increasing defence spending across Europe, noting that “it is impossible to imagine that Europe would be able to defend itself against Russian imperialism in a situation where there are still countries in Europe that spend less than two per cent of GDP on defence.”

NATO’s defence spending guideline is two per cent of GDP, a target which many member states still struggle to meet. According to NATO data, countries like Spain, Italy, and Canada are expected to spend less than the alliance’s target this year.

Poland’s robust defence spending is matched by its strong support for Ukraine. The country has been a key ally in providing military aid, hosting over one million Ukrainian refugees, and recently opening a US-backed Aegis Ashore missile defence base in Redzikowo.

Rutte added: “Poland has shown great leadership, not only by investing in its own military capabilities but also by offering vital support to Ukraine and hosting refugees fleeing the war.”

Prime Minister Donald Tusk emphasised that Poland’s strong security measures were crucial for the stability of the entire region. “The physical presence of the United States in Poland is a guarantee of the security of Poland and NATO’s eastern flank,” he said, referring to the Redzikowo missile defence base.

Poland’s defence minister, Władysław Kosiniak-Kamysz, also addressed the growing tensions with Kyiv over military support, calling for “more respect” from Ukraine, particularly regarding the delayed delivery of MiG-29 fighter jets. He asserted that NATO should make collective decisions, rather than leaving them to individual countries.

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